English Grammar Pronouns

Pronouns

A pronouns usually refers to something alredy mentioned in a sentences or piece of text. They are used instead of nouns to prevent repetition of the noun to which they refer. One of the most common pronouns is it.
Example (singular) :
Without a pronouns :
The train was late, the train had been delayed. (sounds horrid, doesn't it?)
With a pronoun :
The train was late, it had been delayed. (much better!)
In this example the train is singular, therefore the pronoun must be singular also - it.
Example (plural)
Without a pronoun :
The trains were late, the trains had been delayed. (still sounds horrid, doesn't it?)
With a pronoun :
The trains were late, they had been delayed. (much better!)
In this example the trains are plural, therefore the pronoun must be plural also - they.

English Grammar Nouns

A noun is the word that refers to a person, thing or abstract idea. A noun can tell you who or what.

There are several different types of noun:-
1.There are common nouns such as dog, car, chair etc.
2.Nouns that refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or plural) are contable nouns.
3.Nouns that refer to some groups of countable nouns, subtances, feelings and types of activity(can only be singular) are uncountable nouns.
4.Nouns that refer to a group of people or things are collective nouns.
5.Nouns that refer to people, organisations or places are proper nouns, only proper nouns are capitalised.
6.Nouns that are made up of two or more words are called compound nouns.
7.Nouns that are formed from a verb by adding -ing are called gerunds.

English Gramar Determiners

Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate wheter you are referring to something specific or somethin of a partyculer type.

Determiners are differents to pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by a noun. Therefore personal pronouns (his, etc.) canot be determiners.

Te definite and indefininite articles a/an/the are all determiners.

You us specific determiners when people know exactly which thing(s) or person/people you are talking about.

The specific determiners are:
the definite article : the
demonstratives : this, that, these, those
possessives : my, your,his, her, its, our, their

For example:-
"The dog barked at the boy."
"These apples are rotten."
"Their bus was late."

You use determiners to talk about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are.

The general determiners are:
a few , a little, all, another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, few, fewer, less, little, many, more, most, much, neither, no, other, several, some.

For example:-
"A man sat under an umbrella."
"Have you got any English books that I chould have?"
"There is nough food to feed everyone."
Either and Neither

Either and Neither are used in sentences concerning a possible choice between two items.

Either can mean one or the other ( of two) or each of two.
For example:-
I've got tea and coffe, so you can have either.(one or the other)
The room has a door at either end.(both)

Neither means not the first one and not the second one.
For example:-
Neither of the students were listening.

English Grammar Conjunctions

You can spend your life writing or speaking short sentences,but (and that's a conjunctions) if you want your English to flow a bitmore naturally you nedd to learn how to join sentences together and (another conjunction) you need some linking words to do this.

Basically a conjunction connects two words, sentences or clauses together:
although, and, because, but, if, or, so, unless, when, while ...

There are two types of conjunction: coordinating
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

You can also use conjunctions in pairs, these are called correlatives.

English Grammar Adverbs

Adverbs can tell you where, whene, how, why and to what extent something happens.
There are several different classes of adferb (see above).
Tyeh are often formed from adjecives or nouns be adding the suffix -ly.
For example: quick becomes quickly, suddenly, intelligen becomes intelligently,...

To form an adverb from adjecives ending in -y change the y to i before adding the -ly.
For example: angry becomes angrily, busy becomes busily,...

To form an dverb from adjectives ending in -e drop the -e before sdding the -ly.
For example; feeble becomes feebly, true becomes truly,...

Some adjectives ending in -ly need no changes.
For example: heavenly,...

However ther are exceptions.
For example : sly becomes slyly, shy becomes shyly,...
Some adverbs do not end in -ly.
For example : fast, hard. straight,...

Adverb can modify adjectives
An adjective can be modified by an adverb, which precedes the adjective.
For example:-
That's really nice.
Adverbs can modify adverbs
Some adverbs can modify others. As with adjectives, the adverb precedes the one it is modifying.
For example : -
She did it really well.
Adverb can modify nouns
Adverb can modify nouns to indicate time or place.
For example:-
She did it really well.
Adverbs can modify nouns to indicate time or place.
For example:-
The concert tomorrow.
The room upstairs.

Adverbs can modify noun phrases
Some adverb of degree such as quite, father, so, such ... can modify noun phrases.
For example:-
We had quite a good time.
They're such good friends.

Adverbs can modify determiners, numerals and pronouns
Adverb such as almost , nearly, hardly, about , etc., can be used:
For example:-
Nearly everyone, who was invited, came to the party.

Adverbs modify a whole sentence, not just a part of one.
For example:-
Luckily the car stopped in time. In this sentence luckily modifies the whole sentence, it shows that it was good luck that the car stopped in time.

english grammar adjectives

English grammar adjectives

Adjectives describe or give information about nouns or pronouns.
For example:
The grey dog barked. (The adjective grey describes the noun "dog".)
The good news is that the from of an adjectie does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is male or female,singular or plural,subject or object.
Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun - age,size colour etc (Fact adjectives - can't be argued with). Some adjective show what somebody thinks about something or some body - nice , horrid, beautiful etc (opinion adjectives - not everyone may agree).
If you are asked questions with which, whose, what kind, or how many, you need an adjective to be able to answer.

There are different types of adjectives in the english language:
1. Numeric: six, one hundred and one
2.Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more than enough
3.Qualitative: colour, size, smell etc.
4.Possessive: my, his, their, your
5.Interrogative: which, whose, what
6.Demonstrative: this, that, those, these

! Not - The articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their are also adjectives.

Top opinion
Adjectives can be used to give your opinion about something. thum upthumb down
good, pretty, right, wrong, funny, light, happy, sad, full, soft, hard etc.
For example:
"The big man." or "The big women"

Top age
Adjectives can be used to describe age. oldchild
For example:
"He was an old man." or "She was an old women."

Top shape
Adjectives can be used to describe shape. circlecube
round, circular, trigular, square, oval, etc.
For example:
"It was a square box." or "They were square boxes."

Top colour
adjectives can be used to describe colour.
blue, red , green, brown, yellow, black, white, etc.
For example:
"The blue bag." or "The blue bags".